Turning Over a New Leaf: Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Modulation of Immune Function.
Cabral GA, Rogers TJ, Lichtman AH.
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2015 Jun;10(2):193-203. doi: 10.1007/s11481-015-9615-z. Epub 2015 Jun 9.
The endocannabinoid system and pain.
Guindon J, Hohmann AG.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Dec;8(6):403-21. Review.
Endocannabinoid binding to the cannabinoid receptors: what is known and what remains unknown.
Reggio PH.
Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(14):1468-86. Review.
Endocannabinoid chemical biology: a tool for the development of novel therapies.
Petrosino S, Ligresti A, Di Marzo V.
Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2009 Jun;13(3):309-20. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.616. Epub 2009 May 18. Review.
Endocannabinoid system: emerging role from neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration.
Basavarajappa BS, Nixon RA, Arancio O.
Mini Rev Med Chem. 2009 Apr;9(4):448-62. Review.
From endocannabinoid profiling to ‘endocannabinoid therapeutics’.
Ligresti A, Petrosino S, Di Marzo V.
Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2009 Jun;13(3):321-31. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.615. Epub 2009 Jun 3. Review.
Immunomodulatory lipids in plants: plant fatty acid amides and the human endocannabinoid system.
Gertsch J.
Planta Med. 2008 May;74(6):638-50. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1034302. Epub 2008 Feb 14. Review.
The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in the sleep-wake cycle modulation.
Murillo-Rodriguez E, Poot-Ake A, Arias-Carrion O, Pacheco-Pantoja E, Fuente-Ortegon Ade L, Arankowsky-Sandoval G.
Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2011 Sep 1;11(3):189-96. Review.
Endocannabinoid system in neurodegenerative disorders.
Basavarajappa BS, Shivakumar M, Joshi V, Subbanna S.
J Neurochem. 2017 Sep;142(5):624-648. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14098. Epub 2017 Jul 5. Review.
Endocannabinoid mechanisms of pain modulation.
Hohmann AG, Suplita RL 2nd.
AAPS J. 2006 Nov 17;8(4):E693-708. Review.
In vivo pharmacology of endocannabinoids and their metabolic inhibitors: therapeutic implications in Parkinson’s disease and abuse liability.
Giuffrida A, McMahon LR.
Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2010 Apr;91(3-4):90-103. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.05.004. Epub 2009 Jun 10. Review.
Endocannabinoid system and mood disorders: priming a target for new therapies.
Micale V, Di Marzo V, Sulcova A, Wotjak CT, Drago F.
Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Apr;138(1):18-37. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.002. Epub 2012 Dec 20. Review.
An introduction to the endocannabinoid system: from the early to the latest concepts.
De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Feb;23(1):1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.10.013. Review.
Endocannabinoid structure-activity relationships for interaction at the cannabinoid receptors.
Reggio PH.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002 Feb-Mar;66(2-3):143-60. Review.
The endocannabinoid system: physiology and pharmacology.
Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Del Arco I, Bermudez-Silva FJ, Bilbao A, Cippitelli A, Navarro M.
Alcohol Alcohol. 2005 Jan-Feb;40(1):2-14. Epub 2004 Nov 18. Review.
Cannabinoids and Pain: Sites and Mechanisms of Action.
Starowicz K, Finn DP.
Adv Pharmacol. 2017;80:437-475. doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.05.003. Epub 2017 Jun 20. Review.
The endocannabinoid system: its general strategy of action, tools for its pharmacological manipulation and potential therapeutic exploitation.
Di Marzo V.
Pharmacol Res. 2009 Aug;60(2):77-84. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.02.010. Epub 2009 Mar 4. Review.
Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related mediators: Targets, metabolism and role in neurological disorders.
Iannotti FA, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S.
Prog Lipid Res. 2016 Apr;62:107-28. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.02.002. Epub 2016 Mar 7. Review.
Psychopharmacology of the endocannabinoids: far beyond anandamide.
Pamplona FA, Takahashi RN.
J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jan;26(1):7-22. doi: 10.1177/0269881111405357. Epub 2011 Jun 7. Review.
Changes in endocannabinoid receptors and enzymes in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice and evaluation of a Sativex(®)
-like combination of phytocannabinoids: interest for future therapies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Moreno-Martet M, Espejo-Porras F, Fernández-Ruiz J, de Lago E.
CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014 Sep;20(9):809-15. doi: 10.1111/cns.12262. Epub 2014 Apr 7.
Endogenous cannabinoids in the brain and peripheral tissues: regulation of their levels and control of food intake.
Matias I, Bisogno T, Di Marzo V.
Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Apr;30 Suppl 1:S7-S12. Review.
Why do cannabinoid receptors have more than one endogenous ligand?
Di Marzo V, De Petrocellis L.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012 Dec 5;367(1607):3216-28. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0382. Review.
Endocannabinoid tone versus constitutive activity of cannabinoid receptors.
Howlett AC, Reggio PH, Childers SR, Hampson RE, Ulloa NM, Deutsch DG.
Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;163(7):1329-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01364.x. Review.
Endocannabinoid signaling in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection.
Pope C, Mechoulam R, Parsons L.
Neurotoxicology. 2010 Sep;31(5):562-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.12.002. Epub 2009 Dec 5.
The endocannabinoid system in neurodegeneration.
Battista N, Fezza F, Finazzi-Agrò A, Maccarrone M.
Ital J Biochem. 2006 Sep-Dec;55(3-4):283-9. Review.
The endocannabinoid system: a general view and latest additions.
De Petrocellis L, Cascio MG, Di Marzo V.
Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Mar;141(5):765-74. Epub 2004 Jan 26. Review.
Cannabinoids and the gut: new developments and emerging concepts.
Izzo AA, Sharkey KA.
Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Apr;126(1):21-38. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.005. Epub 2010 Feb 1. Review.
Therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid system in the brain.
Ramos JA, González S, Sagredo O, Gómez-Ruiz M, Fernández-Ruiz J.
Mini Rev Med Chem. 2005 Jul;5(7):609-17. Review.
Lipid rafts control signaling of type-1 cannabinoid receptors in neuronal cells. Implications for anandamide-induced apoptosis.
Bari M, Battista N, Fezza F, Finazzi-Agrò A, Maccarrone M.
J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 1;280(13):12212-20. Epub 2005 Jan 18.
Cannabinoid/Endocannabinoid signaling impact on early pregnancy events.
Sun X, Dey SK.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2009;1:255-73. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-88955-7_10. Review.
Basic neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology of cannabinoids.
Breivogel CS, Sim-Selley LJ.
Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;21(2):113-21. doi: 10.1080/09540260902782760. Review.
The potent emetogenic effects of the endocannabinoid, 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) are blocked by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannnabinoids.
Darmani NA.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):34-42.
The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol inhibit cholinergic contractility in the human colon.
Smid SD, Bjorklund CK, Svensson KM, Heigis S, Revesz A.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Dec 1;575(1-3):168-76. Epub 2007 Jul 26.
Site-specific increases in peripheral cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands in a model of neuropathic pain.
Mitrirattanakul S, Ramakul N, Guerrero AV, Matsuka Y, Ono T, Iwase H, Mackie K, Faull KF, Spigelman I.
Pain. 2006 Dec 15;126(1-3):102-14. Epub 2006 Jul 14.
The endocannabinoid/endovanilloid N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) and synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 abate the inflammatory activation
of human endothelial cells.
Wilhelmsen K, Khakpour S, Tran A, Sheehan K, Schumacher M, Xu F, Hellman J.
J Biol Chem. 2014 May 9;289(19):13079-100. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.536953. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
Type 1 cannabinoid receptor ligands display functional selectivity in a cell culture model of striatal medium spiny projection neurons.
Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly ME, Dupré DJ, Denovan-Wright EM.
J Biol Chem. 2014 Sep 5;289(36):24845-62. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.557025. Epub 2014 Jul 18.
Role of lipids and lipid signaling in the development of cannabinoid tolerance.
Martin BR.
Life Sci. 2005 Aug 19;77(14):1543-58. Review.
Endocannabinoids and Their Pharmacological Actions.
Pertwee RG.
Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2015;231:1-37. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_1. Review.
The endocannabinoid system in ageing: a new target for drug development.
Paradisi A, Oddi S, Maccarrone M.
Curr Drug Targets. 2006 Nov;7(11):1539-52. Review.
Endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol protects neurons against β-amyloid insults.
Chen X, Zhang J, Chen C.
Neuroscience. 2011 Mar 31;178:159-68. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.024. Epub 2011 Jan 19.
The endocannabinoid system, anandamide and the regulation of mammalian cell apoptosis.
Maccarrone M, Finazzi-Agró A.
Cell Death Differ. 2003 Sep;10(9):946-55. Review.
Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Phytocannabinoids, Endocannabinoids, and Synthetic Cannabinoids.
Wiley JL, Owens RA, Lichtman AH.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2016 Jun 9. [Epub ahead of print]
Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids.
Turner SE, Williams CM, Iversen L, Whalley BJ.
Prog Chem Org Nat Prod. 2017;103:61-101. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_3. Rev
Enhanced endocannabinoid tone as a potential target of pharmacotherapy.
Toczek M, Malinowska B.
Life Sci. 2018 Jul 1;204:20-45. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.054. Epub 2018 May 2. Review.
The gastrointestinal tract – a central organ of cannabinoid signaling in health and disease.
Hasenoehrl C, Taschler U, Storr M, Schicho R.
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016 Dec;28(12):1765-1780. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12931. Epub 2016 Aug 26. Review.
Plant, synthetic, and endogenous cannabinoids in medicine.
Di Marzo V, Petrocellis LD.
Annu Rev Med. 2006;57:553-74. Review.
Endocannabinoid metabolic pathways and enzymes.
Ligresti A, Cascio MG, Di Marzo V.
Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 2005 Dec;4(6):615-23. Review.
Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in schizophrenia.
Kucerova J, Tabiova K, Drago F, Micale V.
Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov. 2014 Apr;9(1):13-25. Review.
[Endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands–anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol].
Waku K.
Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006 Feb;126(2):67-81. Review. Japanese.
TRP Channels as Novel Targets for Endogenous Ligands: Focus on Endocannabinoids and Nociceptive Signalling.
Storozhuk MV, Zholos AV.
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018 Jan 30;16(2):137-150. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666170424120802.
Cannabinoids biology: the search for new therapeutic targets.
Felder CC, Dickason-Chesterfield AK, Moore SA.
Mol Interv. 2006 Jun;6(3):149-61. Review.
Phytocannabinoids and Cannabimimetic Drugs: Recent Patents in Central Nervous System Disorders.
Ranieri R, Marasco D, Bifulco M, Malfitano AM.
Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov. 2016;10(2):157-177. Review.
Anandamide, but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol, accumulates during in vivo neurodegeneration.
Hansen HH, Schmid PC, Bittigau P, Lastres-Becker I, Berrendero F, Manzanares J, Ikonomidou C, Schmid HH, Fernández-Ruiz JJ, Hansen HS.
J Neurochem. 2001 Sep;78(6):1415-27.
Cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and related analogs in inflammation.
Burstein SH, Zurier RB.
AAPS J. 2009 Mar;11(1):109-19. doi: 10.1208/s12248-009-9084-5. Epub 2009 Feb 6. Review.
New insights into endocannabinoid degradation and its therapeutic potential.
Bari M, Battista N, Fezza F, Gasperi V, Maccarrone M.
Mini Rev Med Chem. 2006 Mar;6(3):257-68. Review.
The future of cannabinoids as analgesic agents: a pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic overview.
McCarberg BH, Barkin RL.
Am J Ther. 2007 Sep-Oct;14(5):475-83. Review.
Human adipose tissue binds and metabolizes the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.
Spoto B, Fezza F, Parlongo G, Battista N, Sgro’ E, Gasperi V, Zoccali C, Maccarrone M.
Biochimie. 2006 Dec;88(12):1889-97. Epub 2006 Aug 22.
Endocannabinoids as regulators of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels: A further opportunity to develop new endocannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs.
Di Marzo V, De Petrocellis L.
Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(14):1430-49. Review.
Endocannabinoids: synthesis and degradation.
Di Marzo V.
Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2008;160:1-24. doi: 10.1007/112_0505. Review.
Cannabinoid drugs and enhancement of endocannabinoid responses: strategies for a wide array of disease states.
Karanian DA, Bahr BA.
Curr Mol Med. 2006 Sep;6(6):677-84. Review.
Endocannabinoids in appetite control and the treatment of obesity.
Kirkham TC, Tucci SA.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2006 Jun;5(3):272-92. Review.
Merck’s Manual of the Materia Medica Together 1899, A Ready-Reference Pocket Book for the Practicing Physician, 1st edn, Merck Research Laboratories, New York City, N.Y.
Merck’s Manual of the Materia Medica Together 1911, A Ready-Reference Pocket Book for the Practicing Physician, 4th edn, Merck Research Laboratories, New York City, N.Y.
Mathias, Tamara. Mishra, Manas. (2018, June 25). U.S. approves first marijuana plant-derived drug for epilepsy. Retrieved from
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gw-pharma-fda/u-s-approves-first-marijuana-plant-derived-drug-for-epilepsy-idUSKBN1JL299
Project CBD. Cannabis Oil Extraction[web log post]. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cannabis-oil-extraction
Hemp Meds. How to Make CBD Oil[web log post]. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from https://hempmedspx.com/make-cbd-oil/
GW Pharmaceuticals. GW’s Epilepsy Clinical Program[web log post]. Retrieved July 2, 2018 from
https://www.gwpharm.com/healthcare-professionals/research-trials/epilepsy